Saturday, January 26, 2013

Egypt riot over soccer verdicts kills at least 22

CAIRO (AP) ? Egyptian security officials say 22 people have been killed in riots sparked by death sentences given to nearly two dozen soccer fans convicted of violence after a game in Port Said last year.

The security officials say most were killed in assaults on the governor's office, courthouse and prison after the sentence was handed down during a trial outside Cairo. They say two policemen also were shot to death outside the city's main prison when angry relatives tried to storm the facility.

The military has been deployed to try and restore security.

The judge sentenced 21 people to death in connection with the Feb. 1, 2012, soccer melee that killed 74 fans of the Cairo-based Al-Ahly team.

The security officials spoke on condition of anonymity in line with regulations.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/egypt-riot-over-soccer-verdicts-kills-least-22-142509185.html

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A 12-Step Program for the Republican Party

Step 1: Admit the Problem

The modern Republican Party has a disease.

It?s nothing to be ashamed of; everyone has a relative who has been afflicted with the same malady, loves someone who has gone through it. President Obama?s Democratic Party has an uncle, John Kerry?s Democratic Party, that had the sickness. And its uncle, Walter Mondale?s Democratic Party, might have had one of the worse cases anyone has ever seen.

Such a crippling condition is widely observed and freely diagnosed. There is no shortage of advice. But, ultimately, it?s up to the patient to accept and admit something is wrong. And after a decade in denial, the GOP seems to have finally reached that point.

Some addicts are confronted through an intervention. Others run to Oprah. In the case of a political party that appears to have lost the capacity to win national elections, redemption starts with establishing something called the Growth and Opportunity Project, a five-member group tasked with identifying the party?s foremost problems and solutions for moving forward. Consider it the Washington version of a cry for help.

One thing is already clear: Recovery won?t be quick, easy, or painless. There are no Band-Aids capable of closing the wounds opened by years of self-mutilating politics. The GOP faces complex problems that require comprehensive solutions. ?Our policy and our messaging go hand in hand,? says one of the panel?s members, Sally Bradshaw, who is a longtime Florida-based strategist. She argues that the Republicans are incapable of restoring their brand ?until both improve,? stressing: ?You can?t work on one without the other.?

Admitting the problem is always the first, and the most difficult, step in any rehabilitation process. Republicans, having suffered consecutive general-election defeats brought on by conditions capable of creating a permanent political minority, are at last stepping to the lectern and clearing their throats.

?We evolve, or we become extinct,? says Sen. Rand Paul, the Kentucky Republican whose inherited libertarian gene stands out in Washington but has proved more popular in the provinces. The postelection math demonstrates plainly that if the GOP cannot amplify its appeal to Hispanic, younger, and female voters, among others, it will be forced to resort to the type of redistricting chicanery that anchored its House majority last year to keep any measure of national power. ?If we can?t figure out how to grow and appeal to those other groups, we?ll become extinct. We already are essentially extinct on the West Coast and in New England,? Paul says.

The party needs to change, and if it can do so without committing what some will deem betrayal of its principles, all the better. But the demographic clock is ticking quickly, and not in Republicans? favor. In the 2012 presidential election, GOP pollster Glen Bolger notes, ?we held Democrats to 39 percent of the white vote? and still lost. ?I don?t know that you can push them much lower than that.?

Much of what?s necessary is already understood. The party needs dynamic and diverse candidates, and much ink has already been disgorged on how Sen. Marco Rubio or Govs. Susana Martinez or Bobby Jindal could resuscitate the Republican brand. The party needs to locate a coherent message and, ideally, pair it with policies that attract, rather than repel, voters, says Dave Carney, adviser to Rick Perry?s presidential campaign and a veteran of the George H.W. Bush White House. ?We absolutely need to get out of this mind-set that says we only need to campaign to people who think like we do.?

But, by definition, they need to do so without shedding any more of their core voters than they absolutely have to. Indeed, Republicans face a paradox that is equal parts political and mathematical: how to maximize their gains while minimizing their losses. Carney says, ?The idea that we need to change our beliefs and our values and our philosophy to appeal to new people means that we don?t respect the philosophy and values of the 65 million people who are already with us.... We didn?t lose because we?re conservative, and we?re not going to win by being more liberal. We?re not going to be the better liberals.?

The Growth and Opportunity panel knows the obvious, that the party?s stammering on immigration is destructive, that gay rights has overtaken the GOP in the minds of the electorate in many parts of the country, that diehard conservatives have not lionized their party?s nominee since Ronald Reagan. From a strategic standpoint, they know they?ve fallen dangerously behind the Democrats, whose organizational advantage in 2012 was unprecedented. These are symptoms of a devastating illness, one that can be cured only with a commitment to incremental improvement. Admitting the problem is the first step. And, after conversations with more than two dozen party officials, activists and strategists, here are 11 more.

Step 2: Go Outside Your Comfort Zone

When Mitt Romney told a crowd of wealthy donors last year that 47 percent of Americans would never vote for him, he unwittingly legitimized the long-held notion that Republicans view certain segments of the electorate as unworthy of engagement. African-Americans, union members, welfare recipients, the poor?these groups? unwillingness to vote Republican is predestined by the GOP?s unwillingness to ask for their votes in the first place. The 2012 election, in which Romney, appropriately, won 47 percent of the vote, starkly demonstrates that such an approach is ?dinosauric,? as Carney puts it.

The proof is in the pudding. On only a handful of occasions during the 2012 race did the Republican ticket venture into truly hostile, unfamiliar territory. These infrequent forays?Romney?s visit to a predominantly black school in Philadelphia, running mate Paul Ryan?s poverty speech in Cleveland, Romney?s address to the NAACP convention?were defined by two themes. First, they skipped safe, suburban stops targeting wealthy, white voters in favor of unscripted, urban events targeting low-income and minority voters. Second, they were essentially token gestures aimed at assuring the former audience of the party?s compassion rather than convincing the latter audience of its commitment to their cause.

?The Republican Party has always been very good at saying, ?We include everyone,? but they?ve never taken time to show it,? says South Carolina Gov. Nikki Haley. Her point invites the fundamental question: Do Republicans ignore these communities because they don?t want to engage them, or because they don?t know how? ?It all starts with relationships,? says former Rep. J.C. Watts, R-Okla., an African-American who has long called on his party to reach out to new constituencies. ?We think that we can attract people to the party without having relationships with them. But we don?t know them. And they don?t know us. The black community doesn?t know the Republican Party. The Hispanic community doesn?t know the Republican Party.?

Indeed, Republicans have long espoused rhetorical aspirations of ?lifting up? the downtrodden and ?providing opportunity? for the poor, but when it comes to delivering such promises in person, the GOP has been AWOL. ?The messaging doesn?t matter if you?re not reaching out,? Haley says. ?It?s not what you say; it?s what you do.? Watts takes it a step further: ?In politics, outreach without relationships leads to rejection.?

Now that they?ve been roundly rejected in consecutive elections, Republicans finally sound willing to walk the walk. That means campaigning vigorously in urban areas and aggressively courting the minority vote?and knowing that those efforts won?t yield immediate dividends. ?Winning back these voters is not going to happen with an event, or a 5-point plan. It?s going to take hard work,? says Kevin Madden, a senior adviser to Romney?s presidential campaigns. ?The effort to win back some of these groups may seem fruitless, but a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.?

It?s often said that in politics, demography is destiny. With white voters constituting a shrinking slice of the electorate, Republicans can no longer afford to ignore these ?nontraditional? voters. It?s perhaps the hardest, and most important, lesson learned from 2012. ?We can never, ever again adopt this mentality,? Madden says, his voice dripping with regret, ?that a large section of the American electorate is off-limits to Republicans.?

Step 3: Speak Their Language

The Republican Party must solve what Bolger calls a ?math problem? that?s straightforward and startling: Hispanics are the fastest-growing faction of the American electorate, and only 27 percent of them punched the GOP ticket in 2012. If demography is destiny, the party faces an existential crisis; unaddressed, it is capable of rendering Republicans uncompetitive in national elections for decades to come.

To their credit, Republicans seem to be viewing last year?s results as a blessing in disguise, an overdue wake-up call for the party to recalibrate its rhetoric on the issue that largely created this demographic disconnect: immigration. Republicans ?have become very doctrinaire on the issue of immigration,? says conservative activist and RedState editor Erick Erickson. Bolger says, ?We?ve been tending to give the middle finger to Hispanic voters.? Republicans have sounded ?harsh, strange, and impractical,? when speaking about immigration, concurs veteran GOP strategist Fred Malek. Almost across the board, Republican politicians, having stepped back to survey the damage, are reaching the same painful conclusion: Their harsh rhetoric synthesized with obstructionist attitudes to create a perfect political storm driving Hispanics straight into the Democratic camp.

Having belatedly identified the problem, GOP insiders now sound genuinely determined to fix it. In conversations with several dozen party leaders, a broad consensus emerged that their top priority should be tempering their message, starting with a fundamental acknowledgement that immigration is a human issue as much as it is an economic or security matter. ?We?re talking about people here, not just numbers,? says Jennifer Korn, executive director of the Hispanic Leadership Network, a conservative organization.

She blames the ethnic exodus to Democrats on callous GOP rhetoric that stereotyped Hispanics and addressed them as a monolith. ?When you start talking about immigration in terms of ?us versus them,? you?re turning off the Hispanic community, even the documented Hispanic community,? Korn says. ?It becomes an anti-Hispanic issue.?

But while Republicans universally accede to the urgency of fixing their message, such a consensus does not exist on the policy front. Amid renewed calls for pathways to citizenship, conservative hard-liners continue to question whether such concessions would reap any political dividends. Kansas Secretary of State Kris Kobach, author of Arizona?s controversial anti-immigration law, recalls what happened after Ronald Reagan signed an amnesty package in 1986:

Republicans won a significantly smaller percentage of the Hispanic vote in 1988 (30 percent) than they had in 1980 (35 percent) or 1984 (37 percent). For that reason, among others, Kobach believes that the ?law and order? stance continues to be ?the most advantageous position? for the GOP. ?We can improve our outreach and expand and amplify our message ... without embracing amnesty,? he says. ?We don?t have to abandon our principles to improve our message.? Still, more and more Republicans are questioning what their ?principles? call for. For a party that stresses the value of family and community, prescribing ?self-deportation? as your primary policy solution seems disingenuous.

Moving forward, Republicans would do well to reject the false choice between being the ?pro-amnesty? party and the ?self-deportation? party. A middle ground exists, one with serious policy solutions complementing a softer tone and a more realistic message. Whether Republicans discover it could very well determine their party?s political prosperity for generations.

Step 4: Go Big On Education

If immigration is the most dangerous policy issue facing Republicans, education is viewed as the most politically advantageous. Recent polling shows public dissatisfaction with public-school performance at an all-time high, and with Democrats hamstrung by their allegiance to teachers unions?one of the country?s truly commanding special interests?Republicans are ideally positioned to lead on an issue with an unlimited political upside. Even though education policy is forged primarily at the state and local level, Republicans are confident that the issue transcends ideology and resonates across demographic divides, and they appear poised to orchestrate a long-overdue offensive aimed at pushing issues such as school choice and teacher accountability to the forefront of the national political dialogue.

Artur Davis, the former House member from Alabama who last year defected from the Democratic Party to the GOP, captures the sentiment of many when he says of education reform, ?No other issue even comes close in its potential for the Republican Party.? Across the board, party strategists are strikingly bullish on education, and mostly for the same two reasons. First, fighting for better schools reinforces the bedrock Republican principles of opportunity, competition, and family values; second, they believe Democrats are increasingly beholden to teachers unions and would never risk a conflict with that powerful constituency by spearheading serious reforms to union-patrolled school systems.

Buried beneath those strategic political layers, however, lies an abrasively populist argument about ?fairness.? Education-reform advocates argue that America?s public schools are failing to facilitate social mobility among those who need it most: low-income students (many of them minority) living in urban environments with lower funding and less parental involvement than children in suburban school districts enjoy. ?Education is the civil-rights issue of our era? was how Romney explained it on the campaign trail last year. That message resonates beyond the Republican base because it speaks to ?upward mobility,? says Henry Barbour, a member of the Republican National Committee and another of the five Growth and Opportunity Project panelists.

Davis acknowledges the political advantage of fighting for equality in education and says that school-reform efforts, especially those concentrated in urban areas, could provide ?a huge opening? for the GOP to make inroads with traditional Democratic constituencies. ?If we can help low-income kids have access to private schools ... and create more accountability in public education,? Davis predicts, ?it?s a winning message for Republicans all across the country.?

Step 5: Let the Libertarian Flag Fly

There?s been only one ?revolution? attached to the Republican Party in the quarter-century since Ronald Reagan vacated the White House, and it wasn?t inspired by Romney or John McCain but rather by their unlikeliest rival?Ron Paul. Although he twice failed to claim his party?s presidential nomination, the recently retired House member served notice to the GOP establishment in his 2008 and 2012 campaigns that a new era of Republicanism was stirring beneath the political surface: a youthful insurrection defined by less government intrusion and more personal freedom.

GOP strategist Karl Rove, the famed ?architect? of George W. Bush?s two presidential victories, says libertarianism ?has always been the most attractive gateway? for Republicans to seduce young voters. ?The difference this time around,? Rove adds, ?is that some of the libertarian appeal is driven by drugs,? a platform that he argued is incompatible with mainstream Republicanism. ?My sense is that economic libertarianism is the most durable part of the GOP platform,? he says.

The man who now carries Paul?s torch?his son Rand?agrees that fiscal conservatism is the linchpin of any libertarian movement, but he cautions against dismissing other issues viewed by establishment Republicans as ?outside the mainstream.? On topics from data privacy to Internet freedom to marijuana decriminalization, the younger Paul says Republicans can ?soften their image? and maximize the party?s appeal to young voters and independents by arguing for personal responsibility over government regulation. Ultimately, Paul says that he?s discovered ?the answer? to his party?s recent struggles: ?a more libertarian-themed Republican outlook? uniting broad factions with a low-tax, limited-government platform that steers clear of expensive, endless wars and de-emphasizes divisive fights over social issues.

Iowa Republican Party Chairman A.J. Spiker, who managed the elder Paul?s 2012 presidential campaign, says the GOP?s recent libertarian streak (several Paulites have won election to Congress since 2008) speaks to a desire among some Republicans for the party to ?return to its roots? of limited government that defends the little guy. Whether that means battling big government over monetary policy, big military over bottomless defense budgets or Big Brother over Internet privacy, a partial Republican embrace of libertarian ideology could signal an upheaval of party orthodoxy and a decided turn in the direction of a leaner, laissez-faire populism.

Step 6: Bring Back The Bootstraps

The Republican presidential primary battle lingered so long because of the party?s existential divide between its upscale, managerial wing and its downscale, populist wing, embodied in the durability of Rick Santorum?s candidacy. Nothing new there (see Rockefeller, Nelson). But the urgent threat of schism has Republicans conducting an invigorated examination of how to close the breach.

Many in the party believe that the GOP needs to divorce itself not just from big government but also from big everything: business, oil, military. ?They need to move toward simplifying life,? Erickson says. ?The tea-party movement and the Occupy Wall Street movement share a common strain, and they both think the deck is stacked against the entrepreneur, the average American, the little guy.?

Distancing itself from Wall Street would chill much of the party?s financing mechanism. But Romney was the most successful fundraiser in the party?s history, and he perished in the shadow of his own evident callousness toward the less affluent.

?We should be fighting over the poor,? says Arthur Brooks, president of the American Enterprise Institute. ?Right now, the Left triangulates the poor and the Right ignores the poor. It?s no good.? We should have a rumble about who?s more pro-poor, because it?s the decent thing to do.?

One place to start would be the big banks. The Wall Street bailout polled poorly across the political spectrum, and some party strategists believe that Romney?s disparagement of the ?47 percent? shaped an avenue for the party to break from that perception of snobbery and extend its appeal to the working and middle classes.

Former Indiana Gov. Mitch Daniels, whose Harley-riding image and wonkish background helped inculcate early hopes that he could bridge the divide, puts it thusly: ?We do not believe in ?haves? and ?have-nots? in this country; it?s ?haves? and ?yet-to-haves.? ... You don?t have to change one thing; in fact, the superiority of free-market principles and pro-growth policies for people at the bottom should be our central point. And some folks in the Republican Party just aren?t very articulate in saying that.? I believe in agreeing to disagree on the social issues. I believe in looking for ways to be on the front foot about immigration, possibly conservation.... They?re important, yes, but in a way they?re additional indicia of saying that the policies and principles we are advocating are very specifically aimed at the yet-to-haves in America, that they are our first, second, and third concern.?

It would be, at its core, a restoration, a journey back to the party?s aspirational tradition. ?We?re the bootstraps guys!? Brooks says.

Step 7: Just Say Yes

Republicans on Capitol Hill have been rebranded since 2008 as the reliable obstructionists, a group known more for its reflexive opposition (bank regulation, climate change, gun control, etc.) than its proactive problem-solving. Yet, ironically, health care, an issue that has largely defined the GOP as the lamentable ?Party of No,? offers an opportunity for Republicans to act more affirmatively.

While fewer than 20 states have opted to operate the insurance exchanges prescribed in the Affordable Care Act, the states still have time to decide whether to expand Medicaid. The Health and Human Services Department has showed openness to a fair approximation of what Republican governors say they want: flexibility in using Medicaid funds and a willingness to allow states to attempt to structure their own cost-reduction efforts.

Poetically, in their eagerness to perform end runs around Obama on health care, Republicans have an opportunity to assert their innovation spirit. And the administration is so hopeful for buy-in on the health care law that it?s granting broad leeway to those willing to meet them partway. Earlier this month, Utah?s insurance exchange, dubbed ?Avenue H,? won federal approval despite Gov. Gary Herbert?s refusal to provide plans for individuals through the exchange until next year. Herbert told HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius that Avenue H was truer to ?Utah principles? and that he preferred to stick with its current incarnation. Sebe?-lius complied.

The health care law also gives the GOP a way to reclaim the reformist imprimatur. Republicans, says Davis, the former Democrat, ?can?t be afraid of the word ?reform.? ? For party leaders, that pertains not just to health care but also to education, ethics, and campaign finance. The GOP philosophy ?can?t simply be a negative philosophy that is opposed to particular programs,? he says. ?Conservatism has seemed to be, to too many people, a purely oppositional philosophy.?

Jim Merrill, a New Hampshire GOP activist and a senior adviser to the Romney campaign, concludes, ?We need to be more proactive; we need to stand for something.?

Step 8: Leave the Labs Alone

The Republican Party?s greatest policy achievements over the past decade can be traced not to the halls of Congress or the Oval Office but to state legislatures and governor?s mansions. While the national GOP was busy blowing a hole in the deficit, expanding entitlements, and further bloating the federal bureaucracy, Republican governors worked with their legislatures to balance budgets, restructure pension programs, and adopt sweeping education reforms.

When it comes to reinventing the Republican brand, then, shouldn?t Washington look to the states for leadership instead of the other way around? Gentry Collins, a former RNC political director and executive director of the Iowa Republican Party, says yes. ?Regardless of whether it?s our party or the Democratic Party,? he says, ?modern political history is full of examples of the party out of power, with the damaged brand, being led back to national prominence in part by what comes out of the states, particularly by the governors.?

?The rebuilding of the party has to begin out in the states,? agrees the D.C.-based Madden, whose assessment speaks to a certain self-loathing simmering within the GOP establishment after consecutive presidential defeats.

Meanwhile, as Madden faults the ?Washington political complex? for dictating to the states, Spiker, the Iowa GOP chairman, blames the Beltway?s ?professional political industry? for crowding out citizen activists. These conflicts?national party versus state party, and D.C. establishment versus grassroots?are moving on parallel tracks and are dividing a party in desperate need of restoring its unity. Watts, the former House member who recently contemplated a run for chairman of the Republican National Committee, captures the spirit of both struggles: ?People [are] sick and tired of Washington thinking it knows best.?

RNC member Terri Lynn Land of Michigan says the solution is a balanced approach?some call it a ?partnership??in which Washington provides a macro political structure that allows states to manage their own problems with increased autonomy. ?Each state is unique, and each candidate is unique,? Land says. ?What Washington needs to learn is that one size does not fit all.?

Republicans are fond of highlighting their federalist roots when lauding America?s ?50 laboratories of democracy,? and urging Washington to delegate more to, and learn more from, the states. Ironically, the GOP could defuse both of these budding internecine rivalries by heeding its own advice. On the tactical front, the Washington consultant class has much to learn from activists on the ground: how to recruit, organize, and build a hyper-local campaign infrastructure capable of competing with Obama?s Organizing for America machine. On the policy front, states have set examples?cost-cutting privatization efforts in Indiana; school-saving education reforms in Florida; budget-balancing entitlement changes in New Jersey?that national Republicans would be prudent to emulate rather than ignore.

Step 9: Let It Die!

For many Republicans, the nadir of the recent primary season came during a Tea Party Express debate in Tampa, Fla., when moderator Wolf Blitzer pressed Ron Paul about whether a 30-year-old male who refused to buy health insurance should receive government assistance if stricken with a fatal illness. ?Congressman, are you saying the society should just let him die?? Blitzer demanded. ?Yeah!? hollered multiple people in the audience.

The moment exposed more than just the base?s animus toward the Affordable Care Act; it also laid bare perhaps the party?s greatest vulnerability: The perception lurking on the parapets that it is unfeeling and unsympathetic toward anyone ?different.? In no sphere did this prove more damaging than the massive losses resulting from the party?s stance on social issues. The implosion went beyond the intemperate comments on rape and abortion from the mouths of Senate candidates Todd Akin in Missouri and Richard Mourdock in Indiana. In multiple policy areas from gay marriage to birth control, Republicans came across as the party attempting to stand athwart history, only to watch it whiz blithely by. The nation, says Malek, the former aide to Richard Nixon and Bush 41, is ?irreversibly moving toward an acceptance of gay marriage.?

For Republicans, it is not an irreversible political problem, although the GOP-led House?s willingness to allow the Violence Against Women Act to expire at year?s hints at a too-gradual learning curve. The 11-point gender gap in November?s presidential exit polls (2 percentage points less than 2008?s divide) won?t fix itself.

One answer from forward-looking Republicans on how to resolve tensions over social issues is, unsurprisingly, to get these decisions as far away from Washington as possible. ?Evangelical Christians in the South don?t need to give up on their traditional view of family; I don?t think that should happen. But they should be tolerant of people in their party who have a different viewpoint from them,? says Rand Paul. Davis adds, ?The party has to be open to the regional realities of politics.?

Another solution, which crops up repeatedly, is to seize back the pro-family mantle, a reshaped one that is not, for instance, ipso facto exclusive of families with two parents of the same gender. ?When Republicans say ?family,? it?s a code word for anti-abortion, anti-gay-rights,? says former Rep. James Kolbe of Arizona, who went public about his homosexuality in 1996 after voting for the Defense of Marriage Act. ?When you talk about families, it?s got to be about kids growing up safe, about kids getting their education, about trying to retire comfortably. I get nervous when I hear Republicans talk about ?family.? ?

Not all Republicans will settle for moderation, though, pointing to a dangerous potential departure point for the party, an area where some moderates are willing to deal away the bedrock conservatives. Bob Vander Plaats, the Iowa Christian conservative leader, says, ?Mitt Romney called a truce on social issues? and points out that the nominee declined to participate in Chick-Fil-A day in support of the company CEO?s statements against gay marriage. ?At the same time, you had President Obama embracing social issues. The fact is, if you have one party or one campaign highlighting social issues and you?re not willing to debate them on a difference of viewpoint or worldview, then their worldview is going to win. The other side is not calling a truce; the other side is trying to reshape this culture on secular-progressive terms.? A truce, Vander Plaats says, is ?another term for surrender.?

To some extent the truce held; Romney shunned social issues, setting a precedent as the party?s standard-bearer. And, unlike in 2004, the GOP had no institutionalized efforts to leverage state ballot questions into up-ballot victories. That?s a template of intra-party tolerance that would work.

Step 10: Don't Go There

Just as Bill Clinton helped to repair his party?s fiscal-responsibility image with his New Democrat governing approach, Obama, in doggedly pursuing terrorists and in winding down the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, has reasserted his party?s ability to call itself aggressive on national security and foreign policy. Republicans have been left flailing, attempting to play gotcha over last year?s fatal attacks in Benghazi, Libya, rather than forming a coherent post-Bush foreign policy.

?Our country has become war-weary,? says Korn, a Bush White House veteran and a military spouse. Republicans ?had that issue probably until the last two years of the Bush presidency.?

Again, in the void lies opportunity. The GOP has a palpable isolationist strain, overshadowed by the hawkish wing represented by Sens. McCain and Lindsey Graham. Recall the House?s June 2011 rejection, fueled largely by antiwar Republican votes, of a measure to limit funding for the U.S. involvement in NATO?s intervention in Libya?s civil war.

Fortunately for Republicans, the political palatability of embracing its isolationist bloc dovetails with its current stated raison d??tre of cutting spending. Romney lost the election by 23 points among 18-to-29-year-old voters, who have watched their friends spend the past decade in war zones. Now the GOP has an opportunity to burnish its brand among these voters, whom Obama has owned. ?Traditionally, the peace candidate wins elections,? notes Spiker, who said that college students frequently approach him about bringing the troops home. ?We have done well as Republicans when we are the peace party. And I think Americans are ready to see us out of Afghanistan, and I think that?s something that the party, as it?s choosing candidates in the future, needs to look at.?

A changing of the guard on foreign policy won?t happen, however, without an internecine battle of epic proportions, considering the intensity with which neoconservatives loathe the party?s nascent libertarian wing. ?I don?t think ? the antiwar sentiment is durable. The Republican Party is not going to find itself in five or 10 years committed to neo-isolationsim,? Rove says confidently. ?It?s just not likely to happen.?

For now, the GOP?s most visible figures on foreign policy are graybeards McCain and Graham, interventionists both. But their third amigo, former Sen. Joe Lieberman, has been strategically replaced by Sen. Kelly Ayotte, the Republican from New Hampshire, who has the advantages of being female and young (44). This may signal an acknowledgment within the party that, at the very least, a generational shift on foreign policy might be prudent.

Step 11: Give Power to the People

Republicans are likely to win their first big confrontation with the Obama administration over energy policy, as most handicappers predict the Keystone XL pipeline will receive approval. Their second, much more consequential, battle will ensue over emissions rules on coal-fired power plants.

Republicans, and coal-state Democrats, are likely to treat this as the War on Coal?s Battle of the Bulge.

Obama?s reticence on energy and environmental issues, outrageous to the Left, has served as an impetus to those who see in the nation?s energy-generating potential a winning economic argument. Daniels, the newly installed president of Purdue University, cites energy as ?the single biggest break this economy?s gotten in decades? and calls for the ?absolute maximization? of energy exploration. Read: Party elders have no intention of backing away from ?drill, baby, drill.?

?Among those things that can be the most direct contributors to more opportunity in this country, there?s none bigger than the breakthrough in energy,? Daniels says, adding that anyone who stands in the way of aggressive resource cultivation ?will have a lot to explain to a country with enormous unemployment.?

Any explanation, of course, would flow from environmental, climate, and health concerns. But Daniels and others believe that voters, faced with choosing between conservation and spiking energy prices, will decide based on their wallets. ?You have to make it relatable to the guy filling up his tank for $80 or $90,? Merrill says.

Steph 12: Build It, and They Will Come

During Romney?s Massachusetts governorship, particularly in the early going before he spent much of his energy laying the groundwork for his 2008 White House bid, a signature initiative was an innovative approach to land-use policies. Marketed as ?smart growth,? the anti-sprawl efforts rewarded municipalities that pursued zoning reform to scale back lot-size minimums and to prioritize downtown transportation hubs around which mixed-use buildings could cluster; it was termed ?transit-oriented development.?

Its chief advocate, both within Romney?s Cabinet and publicly, was Doug Foy, a longtime environmentalist whose appointment as state development chief was viewed as an early demonstration of the governor?s willingness to cast broadly for a ?best and brightest? team. Foy framed smart growth as almost harking back to a more Rockwellian time. Towns prohibiting smaller lots and clustered real-estate development were, Foy says, ?literally creating a community where their children or their parents couldn?t live, because they couldn?t afford it.? Using his own daughter as an example, he points out that young people frequently couldn?t afford large suburban homes and thus had to live farther away from their families. ?It?s almost un-American to build communities that don?t have places for all the generations in a family,? he says.

Not only that, but providing the infrastructure for widely flung communities is more expensive: longer sewage pipes, electricity lines, routes for snowplows.

Romney shied from promoting his smart-growth past on the presidential campaign trail; if framed poorly, it can sound like the type of government ?overreach? not in vogue among the Republican base (?they?re going to tell me where I can and cannot build my house??). Indeed, Foy was increasingly sidelined as Romney?s gubernatorial term progressed, along with the administration?s pride in its smart-growth strategy. ?Early on, the political handlers got uncomfortable with the term ?smart growth,? because the talk-show crowd had decided smart growth was a bad idea,? Foy says.

But Republicans can devise a way to pursue and message smart growth?and, more broadly, infrastructure projects?that should appeal to budget hawks and business interests. In Michigan, Republican Gov. Rick Snyder continues to invest considerable political capital in building a second bridge between Detroit and Ontario, Canada, because he?s convinced it will create construction jobs in the short term and promote international commercial cooperation in the long term. The economically moribund Motor City badly needs such jolts, and Snyder stands to benefit politically if his infrastructure project delivers.

During last year?s transportation-bill grappling in Washington, House Republicans succeeded in stripping dedicated funding for mass transit from the final legislation, along with money for biking and pedestrian projects. That?s fine for a party eager to cater to rural voters who rely on highways to get around. But for one hoping to entice urban voters?not to mention voters who could be convinced of the cost-effectiveness of investments in transit?embracing such projects under the guise of thoughtful, long-term budgeting would likely reap dividends.

Under Romney?s long-since-abandoned development policy, smart growth was presented as an orderly strategy to combat sprawl, framed ?as an investment rather than spending.? Such a family-friendly approach to reining in local budgets should be recognizable to the GOP as any easy adjustment. And, like health care, it?s an area where states could take the lead role, without a massive federal mandate.

***

Maybe those are all the steps Republicans need to reposition themselves to regain power. Maybe none of them are. But the party has admitted its problem, and that?s the first and most promising one. Still, the GOP might benefit from a little help from above, perhaps through the intercession of Reagan, say, or Barry Goldwater or Robert Taft or Edmund Burke, as it seeks the serenity to accept the things it cannot change (demographic drift), the courage to change the things it can (voter outreach), and the wisdom to know the difference.

In the interim, expect plenty of meetings.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/12-step-program-republican-party-074305988--politics.html

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The DeanBeat: Game acquisitions rise 23 percent to $3.4B in 2012 ...

During 2012, gaming continued its worldwide expansion toward billions of gamers as new platforms such as tablets and smartphones took off. But that growth was tempered against financial hardships such as the decline of Zynga?s social gaming revenues. That led to a collapse in Zynga?s stock price that deflated the social gaming bubble and hurt valuations.

Those countervailing forces affected the year in game acquisitions and investments. Acquisitions saw a boom year, rising 23 percent to more than $3.477 billion spent on game companies, compared to $2.827 billion a year earlier. But the number of deals declined and?investments fell off.

Of course, if we knew the value of every deal, the numbers would be much higher this year. But we have the same problem every year as the majority of the deals keep the values secret. 2012 saw 58 game-related deals, compared to?77?in 2011, according to original research by GamesBeat?with contributions from Sana Choudary of YetiZen, Tim Merel of Digi-Capital, Internet Deal Book, and Electronic Arts. The average deal size (where values were disclosed) was $60 million, compared with $36 million from a year earlier.

Acquisitions and disruption go together. Deal valuations are building because traditional game companies and major entertainment brands are adapting to the major shift away from the consoles toward social, mobile, and online gaming. And the barriers between social casino games and real-money online gambling companies are falling. With the prospect of legalization in the U.S. driving up values, casino games were hot in 2012. More disruptions are happening as game companies adopt new business?such as free-to-play games, where users play for free and pay small amounts for virtual goods.?Gaming also has its own version of the war for talent as big companies acquire smaller ones.

Zynga slowed down its acquisitions from its torrid pace of one per month, but it still bought nine companies during the year. Japan?s Gree stepped up its acquisitions of mobile game studios as it tried to expand ahead of rival DeNA into the U.S. market. Many game companies raised money through crowdfunding, obviating the need to sell out to larger rivals. Electronic Arts paused to digest its $1.3 billion purchase of PopCap Games from 2011.

As far as initial public offerings go, the only stand-outs were?China?s YY, which raised $81.9 million in November, and London?s Zattika, which went public and acquired three companies. Microsoft was curiously absent from the acquisitive companies. That?s very odd for a company that is preparing to launch a new video game console sometime soon.

Here?s a look at the deals of the year. We?ve organized them by dollar value of the transactions. For those deals where the value was not disclosed, we have listed them in reverse chronological order. We have linked to our own VentureBeat/GamesBeat stories where we covered them. For deals, we didn?t cover, we have linked to other publications or press releases.

1. Nexon bought 14.7 percent of massively multiplayer online game publisher NCsoft for $688 million. This was a private transaction where Nexon purchased shares owned by Taek Jin Kim, chairman and founder of NCsoft, publisher of titles such as Guild Wars 2, Aion, Lineage II and Wildstar. By comparison, last year?s top deal happened when?Electronic Arts bought?PopCap Games for up to $1.3 billion, including $550 million that depended on performance targets.

2. China?s ZheBao Media bought GameABC.com from online game publisher Shanda Games for 3.18 billion renminbi, or $503.8 million.

3. International Gaming Technology paid $500 million?for Double Down Interactive. This deal in early 2012 signaled the beginning of the bubble around social casino games, just after the Justice Department ruled that online gambling could be legalized in the U.S. if states pass laws allowing it. That opened the door for synergy between gambling companies like slot machine maker IGT and social gaming companies like Double Down, which had just 70 employees. IGT?s?latest quarterly report shows that its social casino game revenues are still growing.

4. Nexon bought Gloops for $486 million. This deal may go down as the most money ever paid for a mobile gaming studio (at least so far). Nexon cut its teeth on free-to-play online games such as MapleStory, but it went public in 2011 and has cash to burn. It spent some of that on NCsoft, and it also bought Gloops, a developer based in Japan. Gloops is known for its JapanPro Baseball Card Battle and Warriors of Odin games.

5. Sony acquired Gaikai for $380 million. While Gaikai had almost no revenue, this deal signaled the arrival of cloud gaming as a contender. It was accompanied soon after by the collapse of cloud gaming leader OnLive, whose assets were sold for a pittance. Sony hasn?t said what it will do with Gaikai. But by offering cloud games on its next console, it could certainly disrupt its own $60 disc-based console game business. Better for Sony to do that than somebody else.

6. Gree paid $210 million for Funzio. Gree?s move came in the spring, when the bubble around games was still inflating and the company was aggressively trying to break into the U.S. mobile games market. Funzio seemed to have cracked the code with hit games such as Modern Combat and Kingdom Age. The Japanese company was generating more than a billion in revenue from its mobile social gaming network, and it was betting that U.S. mobile gamers would behave the same way. By the end of the year, Gree was still acquisitive, but it was also laying off staff.

7. Zynga bought OMGPOP for $180 million, plus more if the company hit is targets. But OMGPOP?s Pictionary-style hit game Draw Something fell apart just as Zynga closed the deal. Zynga had to write off $95 million of the deal?s value before the year was over. Still, the social gaming giant justified the deal as a big investment in the mobile market.

8. Gree bought collectible card game maker Pokelabo for $173 million. Pokelabo created digital collectible card games such as Mystic Monsters for iOS and Android. This deal took place in October, after Zynga?s struggles were clear and game investments were on the decline. As such, the high dollar amount shows that Gree wasn?t deterred by a small hiccups in the game market?s investment cycle.

9.?NCsoft acquired 76 percent of Korean casual game developer Ntreev Soft for $96 million. Korea?s NCsoft saw the move as a chance to shore up its casual game expertise. It was in talks with SK Telecom to buy the stake for months. Ntreev makes the online golf game Pangya and the massively multiplayer online game Trickster.

10.?PlayPhone paid $51.5 million for mobile marketing firm SocialHour. This stock-based deal positioned mobile social gaming network PlayPhone to offer non-incentivized cross promotions for games on its network.

11. China?s?ZheBao Media bought CGA.com.cn from Shanda Games for $49.1 million.

12. Wargaming bought BigWorld for $45 million. Wargaming is printing money with its World of Tanks online game, which has 45 million registered users for its 3D tank combat game. BigWorld builds middleware to create massively multiplayer online worlds.

13.?Amaya Gaming bought Ongame Network for $32 million. Bwin.party sold off its business-to-business online poker network to Amaya Gaming in the online gambling market.

14.?Glu Mobile paid $28 million in stock to acquire?Griptonite Games in Kirkland, Wash., as an expansion into free-to-play games.

15. China?s Rekoo paid $20 million for the acquisition of social gaming firm HappySNS.

16.?KongZhong purchased Noumena Innovations for $15 million. China?s KongZhong is expanding its online game presence in Asia and acquired Noumena, the maker of the smartphone mobile-game engine Handymo.

17.?Big Fish Games acquired Self Aware Games for $12 million. The move was a relatively inexpensive way for casual game market firm Big Fish to dive into the social casino gaming market, which stayed hot for most of 2012.

18.?Glu Mobile bought?Blammo Games in Toronto as a further expansion into mobile games. The deal was worth around $4.5 million in stock.

zynga deals19. Zynga bought social game maker Wild Needle for an undisclosed price. A source told us the deal was valued at $3.8 million.

Here?s our list of deals where valuations were not revealed, in reverse chronological order.

19. Aeria Games merged with Japan?s Gamepot, as the companies created PC and mobile game powerhouse.

20. Arktos took a majority stake in Hammerpoint Interactive, creator of The War Z downloadable game.

21. Corona Labs acquired mobile cloud services startup Game Minion.

22.?Kabam bought Balanced Worlds to gain a 3D social game development team in China.

23. Zynga bought November Software as it maneuvered to become a bigger player in mid-core games, which are hardcore in nature but can be played for a shorter time.

24. Disney picked up LucasArts, the venerated game publisher, as part of its $4 billion acquisition of Lucasfilm.

25. Saban Brands acquired kid-friendly online video and gaming site Zui.

26. Electronic Arts bought online game development studio ESN. ESN developed the Planet web-based games framework and had been working on the Battlelog online social network for Battlefield 3.

27. Zynga acquired midcore social game startup A Bit Lucky, maker of Lucky Train.

28. Gree acquired mobile game developer App Ant Studios as the Japanese company continued its expansion in the U.S.

29. Playsino made its move into casino games with the acquisition of Popover Games.

30. And on the same day, Playsino announced its acquisition of Foghorn Games.

31. NaturalMotion acquired Boss Alien as it harvested the fruits of its 3D iOS games.

32. Epic Games acquired People Can Fly to stop its talent from flying out the door. That was one of the few console-PC deals of the year.

33. Saban Brands bought Zombie Farm game maker The Playforge.

34. Glu Mobile acquired GameSpy Technology from IGN as a move into multiplayer gaming technology.

35. Mobile ad network Tapjoy bought the core team of social gaming network startup Viximo.

36. Aeria Games assimilated three major online shooter games owned by Ijji.

37. Downloadable games firm?Green Man Gaming and social gaming network Playfire merged.

38. Roadhouse acquired social-mobile game maker The Embassy Interactive.

39. Kabam acquired Wild Shadow Studios, the maker of the 2D shooter game Realm of the Mad God.

40. Zynga picked up Buzz Monkey, a team with console gaming experience on titles such as Army of Two: 40th Day.

41. Japan?s Klab acquired social game company Pikkle.

42, 43, 44. Zattika buys three social game firms after its initial public offering. Zattika bought Hattrick Holdings, Sneaky Games, and Concept Art House.

45. Kabam lifted Gravity Bear, a maker of social games such as Battle Punks.

46. Angry Birds maker Rovio bought its fellow Finnish game firm Futuremark Games Studio.

47. King.com bought Fabrication Games as it pushed beyond social games into mobile.

48. Otoy acquired Refractive Software as part of a move to create cloud-based digital animation and gaming tools.

49. Z2Live swallowed Big Sandwich Games, maker of the mobile game Battle Nations.

50. Peak Games acquired Saudi Arabia?s Kammelna as part of a move to go big with social games in the Middle East.

51. Linden Lab acquired LittleTextPeople for some new development talent.

52. Kabam purchased Fearless Studios, led by former Star Wars game developers.

53, 54, 55, 56. Zynga bought four mobile game companies: Gamedoctors, Page44 Studios, HipLogic, and Astro Ape Studios.

57. 6waves Lolapps acquired mobile game maker Escalation Studios.

58.?Ascend Acquisition Corp. merged with mobile gaming firm Andover Games in a reverse acquisition.

Source: http://venturebeat.com/2013/01/25/the-deanbeat-game-acquisitions-rise-23-percent-to-3-4b-in-2012/

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Friday, January 25, 2013

Canonical outs project to help Ubuntu smartphones launch with over 10 core apps

Canonical outs project to help Ubuntu smartphones launch with over 10 core apps

Canonical's Ubuntu handsets are expected to be upon us very, very soon, and given that some say a phone is only as good as its apps, the firm wants to make sure the experience is indeed a great one right out of the box. To help accomplish that, Canonical has announced the CoreApps project, setting its sights on about a dozen default applications which should give Ubuntu devices ample functionality from day one; this, of course, includes essential ones such as a calendar, calculator, clock / alarm, weather and email client. That's not it, however, since the project also lists plans for social networking apps like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, as well as an account and file manager, document viewer, RSS reader and even a terminal -- the latter, naturally, should make Android rooters feel right at home. Canonical is seeking help from the community to make the CoreApps project a reality, so those devs interested in helping may want to click the source link below to learn all the nitty-gritty.

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Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/hXK8avgaKgk/

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TSX near 18-month high, buoyed by Agrium, Potash

TORONTO (Reuters) - Canada's main stock index held near 18-month highs on Thursday, led in part by U.S. economic data as well as by fertilizer makers Potash Corp and Agrium Inc , which rose after Agrium raised its profit forecast.

In the United States, a private survey showed that factory activity advanced at the fastest pace in nearly two years this month, while the government reported the number of Americans filing new claims for jobless benefits hit a five-year low last week.

Canadian stocks were also supported by data that showed Chinese manufacturing growth hit a two-year high this month.

"When you've got stronger economic growth in the two largest economies in the world, that can help," said Gavin Graham, president at Graham Investment Strategy, even as he noted that it was still a bit simplistic. "Nonetheless, undoubtedly it's the way the market's mind tends to work."

The Toronto Stock Exchange's S&P/TSX composite index <.gsptse> rose 29.57 points, or 0.23 percent, to 12,823.62, after touching 12,863.47, its highest since August 2, 2011.

Eight of the 10 main sectors on the index finished in positive territory.

"There's a growing feeling that we're heading in the right direction. The U.S. economy is showing a little bit of life, and that's spilling over into Canada," said Fred Ketchen, director of equity trading at ScotiaMcLeod.

Potash was the most influential positive stock on the index, rising 1.7 percent to C$42.63, while shares of Agrium, among the top five weightiest gainers, climbed 2.9 percent to C$113.90.

Agrium rallied after it raised its fourth-quarter earnings forecast as strong grain and oilseed prices spurred demand for its fertilizer products over the fall season.

Ketchen, noting the activity in Agrium shares over the past few days, said, "People are taking another look at it, thinking maybe it's time to get back in."

The overall materials group was down 1.34 percent, however, dragged lower by slumping gold mining stocks, which slipped with the price of the precious metal. Bullion posted its biggest one day drop in three weeks, falling 1 percent after repeatedly failing to break above a key technical resistance.

Shares of Research In Motion Ltd also boosted the market, closing up 2.9 percent following Apple Inc's disappointing iPhone sales [ID:nL4N0AT4LX] and after a report that China's Lenovo Group said a bid for the BlackBerry maker was among the options available to boost its mobile business. [ID:nL1N0ATB47]

"RIM is doing better on the back of Apple's misfortunes," said Graham, adding that the Lenovo news was also a key factor.

The overall technology sector finished up 1.91 percent.

Energy stocks gained 0.7 percent and was the biggest contributor to the market's gains as U.S. crude oil prices rose. Canadian Natural Resources Ltd rose 1.6 percent to C$30.67.

Methanex Corp shares climbed 8.2 percent to C$34.88, touching a life high, after it signed a 10-year natural gas supply deal with U.S. oil and gas company Chesapeake Energy Corp.

Financials, the index's weightiest sector, added 0.4 percent.

(Additional reporting by John Tilak; Editing by Dan Grebler)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/tsx-opens-higher-buoyed-agrium-china-growth-144548806--finance.html

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Assault weapons ban announced in Congress; faces uphill battle

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - A top Democratic lawmaker tried on Thursday to revive a U.S. assault-weapons ban, riding a wave of support for gun control after the killing of 20 children and six adults at a school in Connecticut last month.

Senator Dianne Feinstein and several other Democrats said they were introducing a bill to ban semi-automatic weapons and high-capacity ammunition clips. It faces stiff opposition in Congress as well as from the National Rifle Association, the main U.S. lobby for gun manufacturers, and from many Americans.

"Getting this bill signed into law will be an uphill battle, and I recognize that - but it is a battle worth having," Feinstein said at a news conference to announce the bill.

The legislation mirrors some of the proposals that President Barack Obama offered last week as he vowed to make gun control a top priority in his second term.

Banning assault weapons is seen as the most unlikely part of Obama's gun control package to pass Congress. A previous ban expired in 2004 after 10 years.

With 310 million guns in civilian hands and 11,000 homicides with firearms last year, the United States is one of the world's most heavily armed and violent countries.

Feinstein's bill would ban the purchase of semiautomatic rifles that can accept a detachable magazine clip and prohibit high-capacity ammunition magazines that hold more than 10 rounds.

(Reporting By Thomas Ferraro, Editing by Alistair Bell)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/assault-weapons-ban-announced-congress-faces-uphill-battle-171358623.html

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Thursday, January 24, 2013

Brains vs. immunity: Genes hint at tug of war

Mandel Ngan / AFP - Getty Images file

A skull from an ancient specimen of Homo sapiens (foreground, right) is compared with a Neanderthal's skull at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History in Washington. Researchers suggest that a gene linked to the immune system played a roundabout role in brain evolution.

By Alan Boyle, Science Editor, NBC News

Scientists say our genes contain the hints of an evolutionary tug of war that took place in the wombs of our ancestors, balancing the drive to bigger brains with the need for a strong immune system.

The push and pull of these genetic variants apparently became more pronounced after pre-humans branched off from the ancestors of chimpanzees, according to biologists Peter Parham of Stanford University and Ashley Moffett of the University of Cambridge.

Two years ago, Parham and other researchers suggested that interbreeding with now-extinct cousins such as Neanderthals and Denisovans may have given early humans a boost of immunity. Parham says the same kind of cross-species hanky-panky may have played a role in the genetic diversity that he and Moffett discuss in a paper published online by?Nature Reviews Immunology.


"It quite nicely dovetails with all this other stuff," Parham told NBC News. "There is an inherent instability in the way the underlying mechanism works."

How natural killers work
The two biologists focus on how particular types of white blood cells, known as natural killer cells, work in the human immune system. In addition to fighting infections and tumors, natural killer cells help regulate the growth of the placenta during pregnancy. Humans are unique among primates in having two variants of the genes that control the receptors for natural killer cells.

"B haplotypes are favored during reproduction. A haplotypes are more specialized toward defending against infections," Parham explained. "These are subtle effects. On average, if you're an individual that has two A haplotypes and no B haplotype, you're going to have a slightly more robust immune system in terms of dealing with disease."

Having two B haplotypes, in contrast, would allow for a more robust placenta. That would provide the fetus in the womb with more of the nutrients needed to grow a bigger brain. "In the course of human evolution, you had the evolution of these B haplotypes, which really did enable the brain to get bigger. ... There are correlations between the size of the brain of the baby and these genetic factors," Parham said.

A detailed analysis of human genetic diversity suggests that the genes for the B haplotype emerged in the time frame lasting from about 7 million years ago to 1.7 million years ago. That?would cover a period starting with the divergence of human and chimp ancestors, and ending with the human migration out of Africa.

The A-vs.-B breakdown is found in all present-day human populations, suggesting that both variants were important to have for different situations. Parham and Moffett speculate that the A variant was important when a population was facing a disease epidemic, while the B variant became important for brain-building once the epidemic passed.

The role of the birth canal
When our ancestors began walking upright, that introduced another push-pull effect for brain size. "It's difficult to document, but it's generally thought in the field of obstetrics that birthing is more difficult for humans than it is for other species," Parham said. The dimensions and layout of the human birth canal is one constraint: If a baby's skull were to get significantly bigger, it wouldn't fit through the canal.

Scientists in Germany have captured the first video of a childbirth using an MRI scanner. TODAY.com's Richard Lui reports.

Another constraint is pregnancy's effect on the mother's cardiovascular system. In some situations, a potentially fatal condition known as preeclampsia can occur.

"Part of the compromise is that the human population has tolerated a certain amount of death in childbirth, due to obstructed labor or preeclampsia. ... Both of these types of death in childbirth have been quite common in our species, as has been documented in so many 19th-century novels," Parham said.

The genetic record indicates that the human species passed through a series of "bottlenecks" in prehistoric times that reduced population diversity to perilously low levels. That's where interbreeding with Neanderthals could have played a part. "One way that modern humans replenished the genetic diversity lost in populations was through the selection of new variants ... another, and possibly more effective, mechanism was to acquire old variants by mating with archaic humans," Parham and Moffett write.

Today, modern medicine has leveled the evolutionary playing field. But in ancient times, all these genetic and physiological factors seem to have interacted to make our brains what they are today.

"Basically, we've got the nervous system and the brain putting pressure on the immune system and the reproductive system," Parham said.

More about human evolution:


Alan Boyle is NBCNews.com's science editor. Connect with the Cosmic Log community by "liking" the log's?Facebook page, following?@b0yle on Twitter?and adding the?Cosmic Log page?to your Google+ presence. To keep up with Cosmic Log as well as NBCNews.com's other stories about science and space, sign up for the Tech & Science newsletter, delivered to your email in-box every weekday. You can also check out?"The Case for Pluto,"?my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for new worlds.

Source: http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/01/24/16682451-big-brains-vs-strong-immunity-genes-hint-at-evolutionary-tug-of-war?lite

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Oxygen chamber can boost brain repair years after stroke or trauma

Jan. 23, 2013 ? Stroke, traumatic injury, and metabolic disorder are major causes of brain damage and permanent disabilities, including motor dysfunction, psychological disorders, memory loss, and more. Current therapy and rehab programs aim to help patients heal, but they often have limited success.

Now Dr. Shai Efrati of Tel Aviv University's Sackler Faculty of Medicine has found a way to restore a significant amount of neurological function in brain tissue thought to be chronically damaged -- even years after initial injury. Theorizing that high levels of oxygen could reinvigorate dormant neurons, Dr. Efrati and his fellow researchers, including Prof. Eshel Ben-Jacob of TAU's School of Physics and Astronomy and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, recruited post-stroke patients for hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) -- sessions in high pressure chambers that contain oxygen-rich air -- which increases oxygen levels in the body tenfold.

Analysis of brain imaging showed significantly increased neuronal activity after a two-month period of HBOT treatment compared to control periods of non-treatment, reported Dr. Efrati in PLoS ONE. Patients experienced improvements such as a reversal of paralysis, increased sensation, and renewed use of language. These changes can make a world of difference in daily life, helping patients recover their independence and complete tasks such as bathing, cooking, climbing stairs, or reading a book.

Oxygen breathes new life into neurons

According to Dr. Efrati, there are several degrees of brain injury. Neurons impacted by metabolic dysfunction have the energy to stay alive, but not enough to fire electric signals, he explains. HBOT aims to increase the supply of energy to these cells.

The brain consumes 20 percent of the body's oxygen, but that is only enough oxygen to operate five to ten percent of neurons at any one time. The regeneration process requires much more energy. The tenfold increase in oxygen levels during HBOT treatment supplies the necessary energy for rebuilding neuronal connections and stimulating inactive neurons to facilitate the healing process, explains Dr. Efrati.

For their study, the researchers sought post stroke patients whose condition was no longer improving. To assess the potential impact of HBOT treatment, the anatomical features and functionality of the brain were evaluated using a combination of CT scans to identify necrotic tissue, and SPECT scans to determine the metabolic activity level of the neurons surrounding damaged areas.

Seventy-four participants spanning 6 to 36 months post-stroke were divided into two groups. The first treatment group received HBOT from the beginning of the study, and the second received no treatment for two months, then received a two-month period of HBOT treatment. Treatment consisted of 40 two-hour sessions five times weekly in high pressure chambers containing oxygen-rich air. The results indicate that HBOT treatment can lead to significant improvement in brain function in post stroke patients even at chronically late stages, helping neurons strengthen and build new connections in damaged regions.

A potential avenue for prevention

Although the study focuses on patients only through three years post-stroke, Dr. Efrati has seen similar improvement in patients whose brain injuries occurred up to 20 years before, belying the concept that the brain has a limited window for growth and change. "The findings challenge the leading paradigm since they demonstrate beyond any doubt that neuroplasticity can still be activated for months and years after acute brain injury, thus revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic into adulthood," says Prof. Ben-Jacob.

This study also "opens the gate into a new territory of treatment," adds Dr. Efrati. The researchers are currently conducting a study on the benefits of HBOT for those with traumatic brain injury. This treatment also has potential as an anti-aging therapy, applicable in other disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia at their early stages.

"It is now understood that many brain disorders are related to inefficient energy supply to the brain," explains Dr. Efrati. "HBOT treatment could right such metabolic abnormalities before the onset of full dementia, where there is still potential for recovery."

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by American Friends of Tel Aviv University.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Shai Efrati, Gregori Fishlev, Yair Bechor, Olga Volkov, Jacob Bergan, Kostantin Kliakhandler, Izhak Kamiager, Nachum Gal, Mony Friedman, Eshel Ben-Jacob, Haim Golan. Hyperbaric Oxygen Induces Late Neuroplasticity in Post Stroke Patients - Randomized, Prospective Trial. PLoS ONE, 2013; 8 (1): e53716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053716

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_science/~3/26cdKWsBxnU/130123144218.htm

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